Tag: youth vaping

Sheridan, Wyoming to Consider Criminalizing Youth Vaping
Credit: Photos 593
The city council in Sheridan, Wyoming, will meet Tuesday, February 21 for their regularly scheduled business meeting instead of Monday due to the President’s Day holiday. According to Sheridan Media, one of the items the Council will consider is an ordinance pertaining to vaping and tobacco use by minors in the City.
Under the proposed ordinance, any minor found possessing tobacco or electronic cigarettes (vaping devices) would be subject to a tiered system of fines through Municipal Court.
There will be a public hearing prior to the Council considering the ordinance on first reading. There will also be a public hearing and subsequent first-reading consideration of an ordinance regarding drug paraphernalia within the City. The City Council will meet Tuesday night at 7 in Council Chambers on the third floor of Sheridan City Hall.
February 20, 2023
Several Studies Refute Link Between Vaping, Smoking

An anti-smoking group announced that several studies have found no evidence that the use of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs) are leading non-smokers and youth towards cobustible cigarette smoking in countries such as the U.S., the UK, Australia, Japan, France and Switzerland.
Action on Smoking and Health (ASH)-UK cited the results of five large surveys of 11 to 16-year-olds in the UK between 2015 and 2017 showing that “most young people who experiment with e-cigarettes did not become regular users,” according to media reports.
“Overall, there is no evidence that e-cigarettes have driven up smoking prevalence in this age group. In fact, smoking prevalence among young people has declined since e-cigarettes came onto the market,” ASH-UK stated.
A time-series analysis conducted by researchers led by Emma Beard between 2007 and 2018 in the UK showed that the increase in the prevalence of e-cigarette use in England among the entire sample does not appear to have been associated with an increase in the uptake of smoking among young adults aged 16 to 24.
A 2022 study by University of Bristol researchers found that, based on the “current balance of evidence, using triangulated data from recent population-level cross-contextual comparisons, individual-level genetic analyses and modeling, we do believe, however, that causal claims about a strong gateway effect from e-cigarettes to smoking are unlikely to hold, while it remains too early to preclude other smaller or opposing effects.”
A 2020 study by Dr. Colin Mendelsohn and Wayne Hall concluded that claims of vaping serving as a gateway to smoking are unconvincing. “Smoking more often precedes vaping than vice versa, regular vaping by never-smokers is rare and the association is more plausibly explained by a common liability model,” they stated.
Another comprehensive analysis of whether vaping causes smoking uptake was published by the University of Queensland in Australia. That study concluded also that there was little evidence of a gateway effect. If a gateway effect does exist, it is likely to be small, the study said.
A 2021 study by Wayne Hall and Gary Chan on the “gateway” effect of e-cigarettes found that “e-cigarette use has not been accompanied by increased cigarette smoking among young people in the United States, as would be the case if e-cigarette use were a major gateway to cigarette smoking.”
September 17, 2022
Teens Influenced by Parent’s Vaping, Smoking Habits

Credit: Aleksandr Yu
Parents who vape of smoke are 55 percent more likely to have teenagers who will pick up the habit, according to research presented at the European Respiratory Society International Congress in Barcelona, Spain.
The researchers have also found that the proportion who have tried e-cigarettes has been increasing dramatically and that although boys are more likely to use e-cigarettes, the rate of use among girls is increasing more rapidly, according to the study of Irish teens, according to media reports.
The research was carried out by a team at the Tobacco-Free Research Institute Ireland (TFRI), in Dublin. The group examined data on 6,216 17-18-year-olds, including data on whether their parents smoked while they were growing up. The teenagers were asked whether they smoked or used e-cigarettes.
The study showed that teenagers whose parents smoked were around 55 percent more likely to have tried e-cigarettes and around 51 percent more likely to have tried smoking.
The team also combined several Irish data sets to provide the most comprehensive analyses of teenage e-cigarette use in Ireland, with information on more than 10,000 Irish teenagers (aged 16 to 17), to look at the overall numbers of teenagers trying or regularly using e-cigarettes and how this is changing over time.
This showed that the proportion who had tried e-cigarettes had increased from 23 percent in 2014 to 39 percent in 2019.
The main reasons teenagers gave for trying e-cigarettes were curiosity (66 percent) and because their friends were vaping (29 percent). Only 3 percent said it was to quit smoking.
The proportion who said they had never used tobacco when they first tried e-cigarettes increased from 32 percent in 2015 to 68 percent in 2019.
September 6, 2022
Numerical Response

Credit: Alexander Ovsyannikov
A large study conducted by the TPA shows e-cigarettes control youth smoking.
By Maria Verven
An extensive, state-by-state analysis conducted by the Taxpayers Protection Alliance (TPA) proves e-cigarettes are more effective in controlling youth smoking than tobacco control programs started after the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA).
“Tobacco & Vaping 101: 50 State Analysis,” authored by Lindsey Stroud, uses data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to argue the benefits of vaping, especially when it comes to teen usage. Ironically, this same data had been used to create public hysteria over vaping rates, especially among youth.
“As lawmakers across the country seek to reduce youth tobacco and vapor product use, many have introduced and passed legislation that regulates, taxes and in some cases prohibits the sale of products that actually help reduce tobacco use,” Stroud said.
Stroud said she’s been using the findings in state legislative testimony this year. “I’ve received positive feedback from pro-vaping and tobacco groups but have not heard much back from the anti-groups,” she said. “They may be surprised to see that I used the same data they do to argue the benefits of vaping,” she said, adding that she’s determined to make this information publicly available and accessible.
Stroud said she hopes other researchers and industry followers will use the report’s state-by-state information on adult and youth use of tobacco and vapor products in future articles and reports.
Of particular interest is the effectiveness—or lack thereof—of tobacco settlement payments, taxes and vapor products on reducing combustible cigarette use.
While all 50 states and Washington, D.C. saw a decrease in the percent of smokers, some states actually saw an increase in the number of smokers, due to an overall increase in the state’s population. Stroud’s analysis took into account both the percent difference and population change in examining adult and youth vapor and tobacco rates.
The analysis of cigarette tax revenues between 2000 and 2019 found that while cigarette tax hikes helped increase revenues in the short-term, these increases didn’t contribute to the decline in smoking rates.
It also shows that most states drastically underfunded programs for tobacco cessation services, education and prevention after collecting cigarette tax revenue and tobacco settlement monies over the past 19 years.
Vapor products tied to decrease in youth smoking
Of greatest importance is the analysis on the reduction in youth use of combustible cigarettes—which is at an all-time low. The report also examines youth vapor rates, specifying whether they ever tried an e-cigarette or are truly current or daily users.
Here’s where the data got really interesting. Stroud compared the smoking rates among 18-year-olds to 24-year-olds in the 10 years after the MSA with the smoking rates in the 10 years after e-cigarettes appeared on the market.
Credit: Vaksmanv
Lo and behold, there were greater decreases in smoking rates in the 10 years after the emergence of e-cigarettes when compared to the 10 years after tobacco settlement lawsuits.
And in the four states where smoking rates actually increased after e-cigarettes came on the market, policymakers had increased scrutiny and restrictions on e-cigarettes due to the perceived youth vaping “epidemic.” Coincidence? Stroud doesn’t think so.
“Addressing youth use of any age-restricted product is laudable, but it should not come at the expense of adult users of such products,” Stroud wrote in Politics, adding that bans, arduous regulations and/or unfair taxation threaten adult access to e-cigarettes and other tobacco harm reduction products.
“Completely disregarding that youth smoking rates are at all-time lows, officials often propose ‘solutions’ that fail to address the real reason why youth use e-cigarettes,” Stroud said.
States with higher rates of youth smoking have higher rates of youth vaping. Stroud said that the data clearly indicate that youth use e-cigarettes because friends and family members use them.
When asked about the “primary reason” for using e-cigarette products (among current users, only 10 percent of respondents from many states answered it was due to “flavors” while 17 percent cited “friends and family” and 51 percent cited “other.”
Vapor Voice caught up with Lindsey Stroud to learn more about this groundbreaking report and how this plethora of tobacco and vaping data can be used to inform future policymaking.
Vapor Voice: How was all this data collected? How long did it take?
Stroud: The idea was to provide policymakers with a plethora of tobacco-related data in a simplified manner.
We compiled the data manually by inputting data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) between 1995 and 2019.
While state-specific BRFSS data included detailed demographic information such as age, gender, race, education level, income and smoking status, it wasn’t easy finding that data for the U.S. as a whole. So I started going through individual state data and putting together state-specific spreadsheets on cigarette use.
In addition, I examined annual state cigarette tax receipts, annual state tobacco control funding, cigarette tax increases and youth tobacco and vapor product use, which came from the CDC’s Youth Risk Behavior Survey.
It’s important to note that the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids also uses this same BRFSS data. However, while Tobacco-Free Kids only shows smoking rates and the cost of smoking in each state, we pulled various data items to tell a more complete, insightful picture.
What surprised you the most about this project?
I was amazed that my hypothesis—that e-cigarettes were more effective than the MSA in reducing smoking rates among young adults—actually held true. It was really eye-opening.
It’s still pretty amazing that 45 states and D.C. saw greater decreases in smoking rates among 18[-year-old] to 24-year-old adults in the 10 years after e-cigarettes emerged on the market than in the 10 years after the tobacco companies started shelling out millions that states were supposed to use on smoking cessation programs.
In the outlier states, smoking rates were at their lowest levels ever until 2018—the same year the surgeon general declared a “youth vaping epidemic.” Tragically, that’s when smoking rates began to increase.
Why did you feel this data was needed?
I really wanted to show policymakers data that compared youth vaping to youth smoking rates, which were way higher in the 1990s, especially compared to today’s youth vaping rates.
In all states, cigarette tax increases led to immediate increases in revenue in the short term, but these have all fallen as less adults smoke cigarettes.
I also wanted to call attention to the lack of state funding for tobacco control programs, despite the fact that states receive millions if not billions of dollars annually from tobacco monies such as excise taxes and tobacco settlement payments.
As far as I know, this is one if not the first analysis of the BRFSS data to include graphs—which clearly show the reduction in smoking rates among young adults as well as how little funding is spent on tobacco control.
Finally, I wanted to prove my hypothesis that vaping can take much of the credit for the reduction in both adult and youth smoking rates.
The analysis can be found at: www.protectingtaxpayers.org/harm-reduction/tobacco-vaping-101-50-state-analysis/
The original “Vaping Vamp,” Maria Verven owns Verve Communications, a PR and marketing firm specializing in the vapor industry.

July 5, 2021
Oregon Governor Set to Sign Online Vapor Sales Ban
The Oregon Senate approved House Bill 2261 on Wednesday, a move that supporters said will limit Oregon’s youth from accessing nicotine products by closing loopholes that have allowed those underage to purchase vaping products. The legislation passed the Oregon House on April 10. It now goes to the governor for her signature, which she has said she will sign.
Credit: Vlad
“The use of vaping products by our youth is shocking,” said State Sen. Kathleen Taylor. “No matter how diligent our retailers are, there is still significant access to these products online.” Oregon prohibited the online sale of cigarettes and other tobacco products from taking place online in 2017. Oregon brings vaping products in line with that policy.
E-cigarettes started to be taxed for the first time in Oregon beginning Jan. 1 after voters overwhelmingly approved Measure 108 in late 2020.
In 2015, Taylor championed House Bill 2464 to make certain access and use laws around inhalant delivery systems aligned with that of other tobacco products. The bill added age restrictions on purchasing and defined where the use of vape products is allowed, according to KTVZ.com.
“Vaping is harmful to our youth. Not only is it habit forming, the nicotine contained in these products can have lasting effects on kids’ still-developing brains,” said Taylor. “The use of these products continues to rise, and they contain products and chemicals that are highly addictive. Oregon’s licensed retailers have agreed to do the right thing, protect our kids, and sell only to those of legal age. Ensuring a face-to-face exchange is required for purchasing these products, we remove a loophole that may be used that can result in lifelong addiction and negative health outcomes.”
May 27, 2021
Study Suggests Teen Vapers Would have Been Smokers
A new study has concluded that teens who use e-cigarettes would have likely become combustible cigarette smokers if vaping products did not exist. Published in Nicotine & Tobacco Research, researchers found that “vaping is largely concentrated among non-smoking youth who would likely have smoked prior to the introduction of e-cigarettes, and the introduction of e-cigarettes has coincided with an acceleration in the decline in youth smoking rates.”
Credit: Krystian Graba
Dr. Natasha Sokol, a fellow at Brown University’s Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, and Dr. Justin Feldman, a fellow at Harvard’s François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, wanted to find whether there was any truth to the so-called “gateway” theory: the idea that vaping, for teenagers, is a path toward smoking. The results they found is that e-cigarettes may be an important tool for population-level harm reduction, even considering their impact on youth.
Sokol and Feldman ran a regression analysis of 12th-graders with data culled from the “Monitoring the Future” report, a survey conducted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) that measures different forms of drug use by adolescents nationwide. The researcher’s modeling examined variables including age, race and ethnicity, geographic region of residency, grade point average, alcohol consumption and parents’ educational attainment, among several others. The end goal was to determine whether youth who used vaping products between 2014 and 2018 would have become smokers.
“Our model predicted smoking prevalence quite accurately prior to the availability of e-cigarettes,” Sokol told Filter. “But once e-cigarettes became available in a widespread way, it increasingly overestimated the prevalence [of smoking]. So the prevalence was decreasing, but our model based on a pre-e-cigarette era was predicting a decrease but not as steep. [The youth] who had a low propensity to smoke after e-cigarettes were available were exceedingly unlikely to use e-cigarettes.”
The researchers concluded that the youth who do vape are generally those who would have been smoking were vapes unavailable. “The decline in youth smoking,” Sokol continued, “really accelerated after the availability of e-cigarettes.”
“There are two bits of good news in this,” Clive Bates, a tobacco control expert and former director of Action on Smoking and Health (UK), told Filter. “The first is that young smokers will be diverted into vaping and probably spared a life of smoking. The second is that most of the vaping among kids who never would have been smokers will be pretty transient and likely not persist after a period of experimentation.”
May 20, 2021
U.K. Group Campaigning Against Underage Access

Photo: VPZ
The U.K. Vaping Industry Association (UKVIA) has teamed up with Trading Standards to prevent the underage sales of vapor products across the country.
With the support of Buckinghamshire & Surrey Trading Standards, the association has published the Preventing Underage Sales Guide—the first of its kind published by the U.K. vapor industry.
John Dunne
The guide covers current vaping age legislation in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; use and best practice enforcement of the Challenge 25 rule; and dealing with the issue of proxy purchasing where an adult buys on behalf of someone under 18. It also advises on different forms of ID that can be accepted and methods of deception to be aware of as well as points to consider with digital age verification.
“The legal age to buy vaping products is 18, and we want to keep it that way by making it as hard as possible for minors to get their hands on vaping devices and e-liquids,” said John Dunne, director at the UKVIA. “This guide is designed to ensure consistency and high-level standards across the industry when it comes to age verification.”
August 4, 2020
Dutch Considering Tougher Stance on Vaping

Health officials in the Netherlands are considering a stricter approach to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Junior health minister Paul Blokhuis has told MPs he is considering extra legislation to limit the use of e-cigarettes following research which shows they are widely used by teenagers.
Electronic cigarettes are more dangerous to health than first thought and are seen by teenagers as a first step to smoking real cigarettes, according to a new fact sheet produced by the Trimbos addiction clinic on behalf of the health ministry, according to a story on dutchnews.nl.
Fifteen years after they first came on the market, some 3.1 percent of Dutch adults now use an e-cigarette on occasion, Trimbos said. Their use is largely seen as a way to stop smoking cigarettes, although almost three quarters of users still smoke in the traditional way, according to the story.
However, the organisation also stated that the health of the Dutch would be best served if the use of e-cigarettes is restricted to hardened smokers who cannot stop using other tried methods. “The new Trimbos insights raise questions about introducing additional legislation,” Blokhuis said in his briefing to MPs. The minister will now study the research in more detail and, according to the Telegraaf, a ban on flavourings is one of the options being considered.
May 15, 2020
Youth Ignorant About Nicotine Levels
Many U.S. youth don’t know how much nicotine is in the vapor products they are consuming, according to a recent study.
The study looked at 17-year-olds to 24-year-olds in California, asking them about their tobacco and nicotine usage, specifically pod-based e-cigarettes. The study showed that 26 percent of respondents had used Juul products, 24 percent had smoked combustible cigarettes, 23 percent had used nonpod-based e-cigarettes and smaller percentages had used other pod-based products.
Users didn’t know how much nicotine was in these products, though. At the time of the study, packaging for Juul products simply said “5 percent”; this has since changed to read “5 percent nicotine,” but that hasn’t helped young users determine what this means in terms of quantity or how it compares to nicotine content in combustible cigarettes, according to the study’s authors.
“These young people had no idea how much nicotine they were consuming,” said senior author Bonnie Halpern-Felsher, a professor of pediatrics at Stanford University. “If we asked how many milligrams of nicotine are in a Juul pod, for example, we found the answers were all over the place.”
According to the study, young users chose pod-based e-cigarettes because of their ability to easily hide them (58 percent of respondents) and because the smell is less noticeable than other e-cigarettes (55.6 percent of respondents).
March 17, 2020
Firing First
State of North Carolina sues Juul Labs for its alleged role in the rise of youth vaping.
North Carolina’s state motto could be changed from “First in Flight” to “First in Fight.” The state is the first in the U.S. to file a lawsuit accusing Juul Labs of targeting teens. Attorney General Josh Stein filed the suit in state court on May 15. It alleges that Juul Labs violated North Carolina’s Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act by distorting the dangers of nicotine in its pod-style products. Stein also contends that Juul Labs designed, marketed and sold its vapor products in a way that attracts youth.
“Juul has long claimed that its e-cigarettes are intended only for adult smokers seeking to transition away from traditional cigarettes, even though it has not sought nor has the FDA [U.S. Food and Drug Administration] granted a designation as an approved smoking cessation device,” the letter states. “But the facts tell a very different—and sobering—story: Teens aged 15 to 17 are far more likely to use Juul than Juul’s supposed target demographic of 25- to 34-year-olds.”
Patricia Kovacevic, a former vapor and tobacco industry attorney and a current vapor industry consultant, says that, in her opinion, the North Carolina attorney general (AG) has yet to substantiate that Juul Labs’ alleged actions are “unfair, deceptive and illegal” under North Carolina law.
“I expect that the AG will amend the complaint and will seek to introduce evidence in support of these claims,” she says. “This is not the first time that an attorney general has challenged the behavior of a manufacturer of tobacco products.”
In the 1990s, attorneys general of more than 40 U.S. states sued tobacco companies to recover the cost of treating patients with smoking-related illnesses. The result was a Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) that, among other stipulations, imposed monetary obligations on the tobacco companies and restrictions on their behavior.
The MSA was finalized in November 1998, originally between what were then the four largest U.S. tobacco companies (Philip Morris, R. J. Reynolds, Brown & Williamson and Lorillard) and the attorneys general of 46 states as well as of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. (Mississippi, Minnesota, Florida and Texas settled their lawsuits separately with the major tobacco companies.)
In the agreement, the tobacco companies agreed to limit or cease certain tobacco marketing practices as well as make annual payments to reimburse the states for some of the medical costs associated with smoking-related illnesses. The original participating manufacturers agreed to pay a minimum of $206 billion over the first 25 years of the agreement.
According to the National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG), the MSA has succeeded in its central objective of lowering combustible cigarette use in the U.S., the level of which has declined at a record rate since the MSA was executed. “Youth smoking has declined even more. Cigarette consumption in the United States is currently at its lowest level since 1951 and per capita consumption has not been this low since the 1930s,” the NAAG website states. “This decline is even more impressive because the United States population has more than doubled since 1951.” The NAAG credits the MSA as making important contributions in the lowering of smoking rates, especially in youth.
According to a statement on the American Lung Association (ALA) website, during the signing of the MSA settlement, several states made promises concerning how the MSA money would be used to reduce tobacco use. It goes on to state that states such as Alaska, North Dakota and Oklahoma did “the right thing” and set aside portions of their payouts for programs to reduce tobacco use based on the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s “Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs.” Most states, however, used the funds improperly.
“The vast majority of states have failed to use the funds for their intended purpose—some have used them to fill budget holes or pay off debts. A couple of states have even in the past used it to benefit the tobacco industry. For instance, South Carolina gave 15 percent of settlement funds to tobacco farmers affected by the drop in prices for their crop, while North Carolina used 75 percent of its settlement funds for tobacco production,” the ALA website states. “Some of those North Carolina funds went to private tobacco producers, covering tobacco curing equipment, a tobacco auction hall, video production for a tobacco museum and plumbing for a tobacco processing plant.”
States were not the only government entities to sue tobacco companies. “There have also been other suits at the federal level,” Kovacevic says. For example, the U.S. v. Philip Morris Inc. case sought recovery of healthcare expenses under the Medical Care Recovery Act and the Medicare Secondary Payment provisions of the Social Security Act, as well as disgorgement under the Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organization Act from nine companies and two affiliated organizations involved in the cigarette industry.
The North Carolina attorney general claims in the Juul Labs suit that in developing its vapor products, Juul Labs “deliberately designed the flavors, the look and even the chemical composition of the e-cigarettes to appeal to youthful audiences, including minors. Belying its claimed ‘corporate mission’ of helping experienced smokers wean themselves from traditional cigarettes.”
It goes on to allege that Juul Labs “developed dessert- and fruit-like flavors calculated to introduce tobacco in an appealing way to nonsmokers, especially young people. To further ease new smokers into the habit, Juul [Labs] manipulated the chemical content of its e-cigarettes to make the vapor less harsh on the throats of young and inexperienced smokers. Juul [Labs] also created a sleek design for its smoking device that it knew would be attractive to young people, in part because it is easily concealable.”
Juul Labs’ focus on youth is also evident in its marketing, according to the suit. Stein claims that Juul Labs has “consciously chosen social media platforms and marketing channels that are known to attract minors, has used models who look like teenagers or very young adults, and has sought out and paid youth-oriented sponsors.” He also alleges that Juul Labs used social media “influencers” that are popular among teenagers in order to “spread the popularity of Juul’s youth-focused brand identity among the young.”
Stein goes on to allege that “after knowingly creating an e-cigarette product that appeals to minors and knowingly marketing that product in a way that attracts minors, Juul pursued a sales strategy with a strong emphasis on internet-based sales, where the seller does not typically see the customer face-to-face and cannot directly confirm her age.” He accuses Juul Labs of relying on age verification techniques that the company knew were ineffective.
The suit asks that Juul Labs, among other vapor items, refrain from the following actions:
- Facilitate, assist, or enable any individual or entity in offering, selling, delivering or in any manner providing e-cigarette products to minors within this state
- Offer, sell, deliver or in any manner provide e-cigarette products within this state in any flavors other than tobacco or menthol through online sales
- Facilitate, assist, or enable any individual or entity in offering, selling, delivering or in any manner providing e-cigarette products within this state in any flavors other than tobacco or menthol through online sales
- Engage in or participate in any marketing or advertising activities within this state, including on social media accessed within this state, involving e-cigarette products that are intended to or are known to be likely to appeal to minors, nor shall Juul Labs retain, facilitate, assist, enable, or encourage any other person or entity to engage or participate in such marketing or advertising activities within this state
- Accordingly, Juul Labs, without limitation, shall not: advertise outdoors (including window advertisement visible from the street or sidewalk) within 1,000 feet of schools and playgrounds in North Carolina, or sponsor sports, entertainment or charity events held in North Carolina
Stein also asked that the e-cigarette manufacturer hand over to the state a confidential database containing “all customer-related information, including but not limited to names, addresses, email addresses, telephone numbers and any other information in Juul Labs’ possession regarding any individual consumer that is under age 18 or that Juul is unable to confirm is at least 18 years of age.”
He then asks that Juul Labs delete “all such information in its possession, including but not limited to all account information on Juul’s website and inclusion of such individuals on Juul’s email marketing lists” within 10 days of the state receiving the list.
Victory in the case is far from certain for North Carolina, according to Kovacevic. “It will be interesting to follow the North Carolina case to understand, among other things, how will the attorney general quantify the alleged harm from which relief is sought,” she says.
June 25, 2019